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Hell - Wikipedia. This article is about the theological or philosophical afterlife. For other uses, see Hell (disambiguation). Hell - detail from a fresco in the medieval church St.

Nicolas in Raduil, Bulgaria. Painting representing hell in the Church of Debra Berhan Selassie, Gondar, Ethiopia.

Hell, in many religious and folkloric traditions, is a place or state of torment and punishment in an afterlife. Watch The Abbey Online Hollywoodreporter. Religions with a lineardivine history often depict hells as eternal destinations while religions with a cyclic history often depict a hell as an intermediary period between incarnations. Typically these traditions locate hell in another dimension or under the Earth's surface and often include entrances to Hell from the land of the living. Other afterlife destinations include Heaven, Purgatory, Paradise, and Limbo.

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Other traditions, which do not conceive of the afterlife as a place of punishment or reward, merely describe hell as an abode of the dead, the grave, a neutral place located under the surface of Earth (for example, see Sheol and Hades). Etymology. The modern English word hell is derived from Old English hel, helle (about 7. AD to refer to a nether world of the dead) reaching into the Anglo- Saxon pagan period, and ultimately from Proto- Germanic*halja, meaning "one who covers up or hides something"[1] The word has cognates in Latin (see verb cēlō, "to hide") and in related Germanic languages such as Old Frisianhelle, hille, Old Saxonhellja, Middle Dutchhelle (modern Dutch hel), Old High Germanhelle (Modern German Hölle), Danish, Norwegian and Swedishhelvede/helvete (hel + Old Norsevitti, "punishment" whence the Icelandicvíti "hell"), and Gothichalja.[1] Subsequently, the word was used to transfer a pagan concept to Christian theology and its vocabulary[1] (however, for the Judeo- Christian origin of the concept see Gehenna). Some have theorized that English word hell is derived from Old Norse hel.[1] However, this is very unlikely as hel appears in Old English before the Viking invasions. Furthermore, the word has cognates in all the other Germanic languages and has a Proto- Germanic origin.[2] Among other sources, the Poetic Edda, compiled from earlier traditional sources in the 1.

Prose Edda, written in the 1. Snorri Sturluson, provide information regarding the beliefs of the Norse pagans, including a being named Hel, who is described as ruling over an underworld location of the same name. Religion, mythology, and folklore.

Hell appears in several mythologies and religions. It is commonly inhabited by demons and the souls of dead people. A fable about hell which recurs in folklore across several cultures is the allegory of the long spoons. Hell is often depicted in art and literature, perhaps most famously in Dante's Divine Comedy. Punishment. Punishment in Hell typically corresponds to sins committed during life. Sometimes these distinctions are specific, with damned souls suffering for each sin committed (see for example Plato's myth of Er or Dante's The Divine Comedy), but sometimes they are general, with condemned sinners relegated to one or more chamber of Hell or to a level of suffering. Full Episode Veronica Mars Season 2.

In many religious cultures, including Christianity and Islam, Hell is often depicted as fiery, painful, and harsh, inflicting suffering on the guilty. Despite these common depictions of Hell as a place of fire, some other traditions portray Hell as cold. Buddhist - and particularly Tibetan Buddhist - descriptions of hell feature an equal number of hot and cold hells. Among Christian descriptions Dante's Inferno portrays the innermost (9th) circle of Hell as a frozen lake of blood and guilt.[3] But cold also played a part in earlier Christian depictions of hell, beginning with the Apocalypse of Paul, originally from the early third century; [4] the "Vision of Dryhthelm" by the Venerable Bede from the seventh century; [5] "St Patrick's Purgatory", "The Vision of Tundale" or "Visio Tnugdali", and the "Vision of the Monk of Enysham", all from the twelfth century; [6] and the "Vision of Thurkill" from the early thirteenth century.[7]Polytheism. Ancient Mesopotamia. The Sumerian afterlife was a dark, dreary cavern located deep below the ground,[8] where inhabitants were believed to continue "a shadowy version of life on earth".[8] This bleak domain was known as Kur,[9]: 1. Ereshkigal.[8][1.

All souls went to the same afterlife,[8] and a person's actions during life had no affect on how the person would be treated in the world to come.[8] Nonetheless, funerary evidence indicates that some people believed that the goddess Inanna, Ereshkigal's younger sister, had the power to award her devotees with special favors in the afterlife.[8]The entrance to Kur was believed to be located in the Zagros mountains in the far east.[9]: 1. It had seven gates, through which a soul needed to pass.[8] The god Neti was the gatekeeper.[1. Ereshkigal's sukkal, or messenger, was the god Namtar.[9]: 1. Galla were a class of demons that were believed to reside in the underworld; [9]: 8.

Kur.[9]: 8. 5 They are frequently referenced in magical texts,[9]: 8. Several extant poems describe the galla dragging the god Dumuzid into the underworld.[9]: 8. The later Mesopotamians knew this underworld by its East Semitic name: Irkalla. During the Akkadian Period, Ereshkigal's role as the ruler of the underworld was assigned to Nergal, the god of death.[8][1. The Akkadians attempted to harmonize this dual rulership of the underworld by making Nergal Ereshkigal's husband.[8]Ancient Egypt.

With the rise of the cult of Osiris during the Middle Kingdom the "democratization of religion" offered to even his humblest followers the prospect of eternal life, with moral fitness becoming the dominant factor in determining a person's suitability. At death a person faced judgment by a tribunal of forty- two divine judges.

If they had led a life in conformance with the precepts of the Goddess Maat, who represented truth and right living, the person was welcomed into the heavenly reed fields. If found guilty the person was thrown to Ammit, the "devourer of the dead" and would be condemned to the lake of fire.[1. The person taken by the devourer is subject first to terrifying punishment and then annihilated. These depictions of punishment may have influenced medieval perceptions of the inferno in hell via early Christian and Coptic texts.[1. Purification for those considered justified appears in the descriptions of "Flame Island", where humans experience the triumph over evil and rebirth. For the damned complete destruction into a state of non- being awaits but there is no suggestion of eternal torture; the weighing of the heart in Egyptian mythology can lead to annihilation.[1. The Tale of Khaemwese describes the torment of a rich man, who lacked charity, when he dies and compares it to the blessed state of a poor man who has also died.[1.

Divine pardon at judgement always remained a central concern for the Ancient Egyptians.[1. Modern understanding of Egyptian notions of hell relies on six ancient texts: [1.

The Book of Two Ways (Book of the Ways of Rosetau)The Book of Amduat (Book of the Hidden Room, Book of That Which Is in the Underworld)The Book of Gates. The Book of the Dead (Book of Going Forth by Day)The Book of the Earth. The Book of Caverns. Greek. In classic Greek mythology, below Heaven, Earth, and Pontus is Tartarus, or Tartaros (Greek Τάρταρος, deep place). It is either a deep, gloomy place, a pit or abyss used as a dungeon of torment and suffering that resides within Hades (the entire underworld) with Tartarus being the hellish component. In the Gorgias, Plato (c. BC) wrote that souls were judged after death and those who received punishment were sent to Tartarus.

As a place of punishment, it can be considered a hell. The classic Hades, on the other hand, is more similar to Old Testament Sheol.